Al-Noor Journal for Oil and Gas Studies

Abstract The 1991 Gulf War resulted in the largest deliberate release of petroleum into the marine environment in recorded history, with an estimated 6–11 million barrels of crude oil discharged into the Arabian/Persian Gulf. Unlike many offshore spills dominated by light crude fractions, the Gulf War spill involved medium- to heavy-sour crudes that weathered rapidly and stranded along the shoreline. This paper reviews the fate of released heavy oil, evaluates claims about sedimentation and long-term persistence, and synthesizes evidence of ecological and biogeochemical changes observed in affected coastal systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of spectroscopic techniques—including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and biomarker fingerprinting—in identifying degradation pathways and weathering stages of residual heavy oil. Available evidence indicates that the dominant long-term sink for heavy fractions was shoreline burial rather than widespread offshore sedimentation, with localized but persistent contamination influencing benthic habitats, microbial community structure, and nearshore fisheries.

Abstract The oil and gas industry is a hazardous sector characterized by flammable materials, high-pressure processes, and complex operational scenarios. Improving safety and performance at the Baiji Petroleum Field (North Refineries Company) requires bridging the gap between high safety knowledge and lower safe behavior through active leadership. Key interventions include strengthening management commitment, enhancing safety training, implementing rigorous hazard identification, and upgrading technology to reduce worker exposure to risks. Oil is the foundation of Iraq’s economy and its survival, but oil fields also pose serious safety and operational challenges. The Effect of Leadership and Management Practices on Safety Performance: A case Study of the Baiji Petroleum Fields/ Iraq. A case study approach has been conducted using Safety Performance Indicators, which includes Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) and Lost Time Injury Rate (LTIR), including structured questionnaires, interviews, and field observations conducted between 2020 and 2024. The results demonstrate that due to this improvement in safety, the rates of incidents decreased drastically after the participation of senior leadership team members, communication process improvement on incident prevention, and safety management organization in an organised manner. It is concluded that leadership-oriented safety mechanisms are needed to enhance the safety.,

Abstract The study aims to analyze the impact of associated gas exploitation on non-oil GDP in Iraq during the period (2000-2024), with a focus on the phenomenon of associated gas flaring and its economic and developmental losses. The study relied on the Distributed lags Autoregression Model (ARDL) to analyze the relationship between non-oil GDP and associated gas flaring, gas and electricity efficiency and global oil prices. The results of stability and co-integration tests showed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between variables Study. The results also showed that the continued flaring of associated gas leads to the waste of important economic resources and limits the ability of the Iraqi economy to achieve economic diversification, while improving the efficiency of gas exploitation contributes to supporting the electricity sector, reducing dependence on imports, and boosting non-oil economic activity. The study concluded that it is necessary to expand the projects of collecting and treating associated gas and linking them to the productive sectors in a way that contributes to reducing flaring and achieving sustainable economic and development returns.

Abstract Increasing worldwide demand for energy and the demand for cleaner fuels with the recent stringent regulations of commercial fuel specifications have driven the research of alternative methods to upgrade the current industrial desulfurization technology. Adsorptive desulfurization, the removal of refractory sulfur compounds using appropriate selective tailormade adsorbents, has shown up as a promising alternative in the recent years. Carbon nanomaterials, namely, carbon nanotubes, show a significant potential as desulfurization adsorbents. Their surface area and porosity, their ability of easy functionalization, and their suitability to serve as a support of different types of adsorbents have rendered them attractive candidates for this purpose. In this study, after a presentation of the current industrial desulfurization practice and its limitations, the structure and properties of the carbon nanotubes will be described, followed by a detailed account of their applications in adsorptive desulfurization. The major literature findings and conclusions will be presented and discussed as a road map for future.

Abstract Abstract
Density, specific gravity, and the American Petroleum Institute (API) grade of petroleum products are considered in identification tests to express the product's identity and determine subsequent laboratory tests. This research aims to differentiate the specific gravity (Sp.gr), and American Petroleum Institute gravity (API) of gasoline, kerosene, gasoil, and lubricating oils, then what is different among them. This research dealt with four different oil products (gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, and lubricating oils) these samples were brought from Oil Products Distribution Company (OPDC), Salahuldeen Branch. Moreover, the results of the laboratory test showed that the specific gravity and American Petroleum Institute gravity of these samples were close to them. The results showed the specific gravity of gasoline ranges between 0.700 to 0.750, the specific gravity of kerosene ranges from 0.750 to 0.800, while Sp.gr of gasoil from 0.800 to 0.850, and lastly, the range of specific gravity of lubricating oils is from 0.850 to 0.900. In conclusion, this work will help the workers in the oil sector and engineering students who study in this field avoid mistakes in their work.