1. Introduction

Oil & gas industry remains one of the riskiest sectors of the world (due to extreme operational dangers, high financial volatility, and significant environmental impacts  (1). Key risks include catastrophic fires, explosions, worker fatalities, and toxic exposure (2).  These workers are exposed to many hazards in the oil and gas industry, that include the risks associated to drilling, refining, transportation, and maintenance work in petroleum fields, and the high numbers of workers suffer serious injuries resulting as a common occurrence of serious accidents that have a great impact on business time to go up and down (3) .

Iraq's economy is built on petroleum fields. Due to its infrastructure and operational capacity, the Baiji petroleum field in Salah Al-Din Governorate is strategically important. But safety performance has been compromised by years of hostilities, dilapidated facilities, a variety of workers, and a variety of contractors. The safety method that was based only on protocols and protective gear became insufficient without strong leadership and management commitment. Management practices and leadership behavior have significant impact on worker behavior, safety culture and performance outcomes according to recent research (Zohar, 2023) (4). This study examines how management and leadership styles influence performance and safety in the Baiji Petroleum Field.

2. Research Problem

Despite safety regulations and technical controls, workplace incidents, near misses, and unsafe practices continue to occur in the Baiji petroleum field. Most of these problems stem from poor safety communication, inconsistent enforcement, and low leadership visibility. Operational risks rise and safety management systems become less effective due to the absence of a leadership-driven safety culture.

3. Research Objectives

•  To investigate how management and leadership techniques can enhance safety performance at Baiji Petroleum Field.
• To evaluate safety performance using TRIR and LTIR indicators.
• To identify leadership and management gaps affecting safety outcomes.

4. Literature Review

It has been repeated over and again that the most important factor related to safety performance is leadership level within high-risk industries. Transformational leadership can strengthen employee motivation, safety involvement, and proactivity  (5). Even if transactional leadership promotes compliance with rules, it is less successful when no employee is involved  (6).

 Lower accident rate and improved safety indicators are highly related with management dedication and leadership visibility in the petroleum sector (7). Research suggests organizations with high safety leadership have significantly lower TRIR and LTIR values(8) .  A positive safety culture largely depends on management techniques such as: incident investigation, communication, hazard identification and safety training (9).  The further impact of organizational and cultural variables on safety outcomes in Middle Eastern settings demands locally tailored leadership approaches (10). However, this article adds to the dearth of empirical research on Iraqi petroleum fields.

5. Methodology

This research adopts a case study methodology focusing on Baiji petroleum field. A mixed-method approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data. Data collection and analysis methods included:

• Safety incident records (2020–2024)
• Total work-hour logs (employees and contractors)
• TRIR and LTIR calculations
• Structured questionnaires
• Interviews with management and HSE personnel

Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and trend analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically.

5.1 Safety Performance Indicators

These indicators are internationally accepted for evaluating safety performance in petroleum operations  (11).

6. Results and Analysis

6.1 Safety Performance Trends

Table 1. Safety Performance Indicators at Baiji Petroleum Field (2020–2024).

TRIR declined by 54% and LTIR by 73% across the study period, which showed great safety improvement.

6.2 Leadership Practices and Safety Outcomes

Table 2. Leadership Practices and Observed Safety Effects

6.3 Worker Safety Behavior

Table 3. Safety Behavior Indicators

6.4 Comparative Analysis

Table 4. Safety Performance Before and After Leadership Enhancement

The results confirm a strong association between leadership involvement and improved safety performance.

7. Discussion

The findings support the direct correlation between leadership behavior and the performance and safety culture outcomes. Safety meetings conducted by management, enhanced leaders visibility and transparent communication instilled trust and accountability in employees. This validation of earlier research indicating that there was the greatest influence when it comes to the impact of leaders on safety performance (12)(Guldenmund, 2024). When management initiated a safety program in Baiji petroleum industry.

In Baiji petroleum industry, when management-initiated safety initiatives, it led to reduction in contractor coordination and workforce diversity issues. Improved safety performance was also related to operational stability, as it prevented downtime and incident-related disruptions.

8. Conclusion

This study found that leadership and management strategies have a major role in enhancing performance and safety on petroleum field operations and are critical for fostering a positive safety culture, reducing incidents, and improving operational performance. Performance of leadership-controlled safety systems is shown by significant reductions in TRIR and LTIR. The findings can be relevant towards the Iraqi petroleum enterprises who wish to make sustained safety enhancements in the future.

9.Recommendations

To cultivate a robust safety culture, institutions should enhance the engagement of leadership in regular safety activities while implementing ongoing initiatives for the development of safety leadership. Also, they must promote candid and Acknowledgement

The author would like to express sincere appreciation to the Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments, constructive feedback, and insightful suggestions, which significantly improved the quality and clarity of this manuscript. The time and effort devoted by the editorial team in managing the review process are highly appreciated.

The author is grateful to the journal for providing the opportunity to publish this research and for its commitment to advancing knowledge in the field of safety and engineering managementopen conversations regarding safety issues and actively support the reporting of potential hazards and near-miss incidents. Furthermore, consistently assess safety performance metrics and include safety objectives in operational planning.

References

1.Al-Hamdani A.  Safety challenges in Iraqi oil fields: Current issues and future directions. . Iraqi J Engine. 2.22;28(3):45–58.

2.Rahman H.  Safety culture in petroleum fields. Journal of Oil & Gas Safety. 2025;9(1):14–28.

3.Neal A A. Neal, Perceptions of Safety at Work: A Framework for Linking Safety Climate to Safety Performance, Knowledge, and Motivation. . Journal of Occupational Health Psycholog. 2000;5:347-358.

4.Zohar D. . Safety climate and leadership: Thirty years of research and future directions. Safety Science. 2024;167:106275.

5.Neal A A. Safety performance measurement. J Appl Psychol.2023;108(4):523–538.

6.Martin Grill, A. U.-R.  Individualized behavior-based safety-leadership training: A randomized controlled trial.  J Safety Res. 2023; 332-344.

7.Williams J. Leadership visibility and safety outcomes. J Safety Res. 2025; 82: 1–10.

8.Hale A. Managing safety through leadership. Safety Management Review. 2024;18(2):55–67.

9.Dekker S.  Safety differently: Human factors for a new era (2nd ed.)2024.

10.Al-Khalaf N. Leadership practices in Middle Eastern industrial organizations. Arab J Manag. 2024;16(1):22–39.

11.API. Safety and environmental management systems for offshore operations. Retrieved from American Petroleum Institute. 2023: https://www.api.org.

12.Guldenmund FW.  Safety leadership models: A review and future research agenda. Safety Science. 2024;170: 106230.

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تحسين السلامة و الأداء من خلال ممارسات القيادة و الإدارة في مصفى بيجي للنفط، العراق

يعتبر قطاع النفط و الغاز من الصناعات الأكثر خطورة نظرا لوجود مواد قابلة للاشتعال، و عمليات الضغط العالي ، و سيناريوهات التشغيل المعقدة. يتطلب تحسين السلامة و الأداء في حقل بيجي للبترول سد الفجوة بين المعرفة العالية بالسلامة و السلوك الامن المنخفض من خلال القيادة الفعالة. و تشمل التدخلات الرئيسية تعزيز التزام الإدارة، و تحسين التدريب على السلامة، و تنفيذ تحقيق دقيق للمخاطر، و تحديث التكنولوجيا للحد من تعرض العمال للمخاطر. يعتمد العراق على احتياطاته النفطية من اجل بقاء اقتصاد البلاد، لكن حقول النفط تشكل أيضا مشاكل كبيرة تتعلق بالسلامة و الأداء. في هذا البحث تم إجراء دراسة حالة باستخدام  مؤشرات أداء السلامة، والتي تشمل معدل الحوادث المسجلة الإجمالي ( TRIR) ومعدل الإصابات التي تؤدي الى الانقطاع عن العمل (LTIR) وذلك من خلال استبيانات منظمة ومقابلات وملاحظات ميدانية أُجريت بين عامي (2020-2024) أظهرت النتائج انخفاضًا ملحوظًا في معدلات الحوادث نتيجةً لتحسن السلامة، وذلك من خلال مشاركة ألادارة العليا، وتحسين عملية التواصل بشأن منع الحوادث، وتنظيم إدارة السلامة بشكل فعّال. وخلصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة وجود آليات سلامة موجهة من قبل القيادة لتعزيز أداء السلامة والاستقرار التشغيلي لعمليات حقول النفط العراقية.