Al-Noor Journal for Oil and Gas Studies

Abstract American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity is a key parameter for classifying crude oil and petroleum products by density. This study presents the development of tables of oil gravities ranging from 0.600 to 1.025, from which the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity can be derived without resorting to the equation of state. This research also examined four densities across four oil products (gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, and lubricating oils), yielding a total of 16 models. Moreover, the results of the laboratory test showed that the gravity of the oils is close, take for instance (the gravity of gasoline ranges between 0.700 to 0.750, the density of kerosene ranges from 0.750 to 0.800, while the density of gas oil ranges from 0.800 to 0.850, and lastly the range of gravity of lubricating oils ranged from 0.850 to 0.900). In conclusion, the tables produced by this study will enable direct measurement of API gravity, saving testers time, improving accuracy, and reducing errors.

Abstract The removal of sulfur compounds from kerosene via extraction is based on the fact that sulfur compounds are more soluble than hydrocarbons in appropriate solvents. The most attractive feature of extractive desulphurization is its applicability at low temperatures and low pressure. The kerosene samples used in this research were obtained from the North Refineries Company, Baiji (NRC), Al-Sumoud refinery. Production of high-quality kerosene fuel decreases its sulphur content of it, and thus burns with the least amount of CO2. One of the main risks to the combustion properties of kerosene and to the atmosphere is the presence of secondary pollutants, such as sulfur and other impurities. Sulfur contamination produces a strong odor that may cause problems if not removed. In this study, additives were incorporated into kerosene to reduce the sulfur content and improve its fuel properties. In this research, the best temperature of removal was 70 °C for base and acid, the removal average of sulfur was from 1880 ppm, while the removal average of sulfur was from 1600 to less than 600 ppm for the Al-Sumoud refinery, without effect on the other specifications, especially specific gravity is considered the main property, ruler test. 

Abstract This research aims to determine the water and phase in the bottom tanks of oil contents using water finding past and phase finding past. in this work were determined the comparative performance of three different type of gasoline fuel were labeled (Gasoline, G-KK-MWFP, and G-KK-MWFPEG). Therefore, the water phase in the gasoline fuel product. The results showed that the water level in gasoline product and there is no phase stage. Hence, the data in this research will help the testers and workers in laboratories to determine the water and phase in gasoline fuel and fuel products.ك fuel product. The results showed that the water level in gasoline product and there is no phase stage. Hence, the data in this research will help the testers and workers in laboratories to determine the water and phase in gasoline fuel and fuel products.كز help the testers and workers in laboratories to determine the water and phase in gasoline fuel and fuel products.ك

Abstract Industrial chemicals have driven major technological progress, yet their mismanagement has repeatedly resulted in catastrophic human exposure. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three landmark chemical disasters: methylmercury poisoning in Minamata and Niigata (Japan), the 1971–1972 mercury-treated wheat poisoning in Iraq, and the 1984 methyl isocyanate release in Bhopal (India). Despite involving different chemicals, exposure routes, and timescales, these events reveal a common pattern of systemic failure, including ignored early warning signs, ineffective hazard communication, degraded safety systems, weak regulatory oversight, and inadequate medical preparedness.
The study contrasts chronic dietary exposure, acute ingestion, and hyperacute inhalation pathways, demonstrating how chemical properties and toxicokinetics govern health outcomes while systemic vulnerabilities determine disaster magnitude. Building on these historical lessons, the paper extends its analysis to the petroleum and natural gas sector, emphasizing mercury occurrence, speciation, and removal as a persistent but under-recognized process safety and environmental hazard. The findings highlight that chemical disasters arise not from chemistry alone, but from unprepared systems. Effective prevention requires integrated risk governance, robust safety culture, accurate chemical knowledge, and consistent global safety standards.o

Abstract iven the urgent need for energy resources, many major energy-producing and consuming countries are seeking new sources to contribute to the sustainability of global energy supplies. The United States possesses vast reserves of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as shale formations and dense rocks. This research aims to highlight hydraulic fracturing technology used in developing unconventional hydrocarbon energy sources, the use of which requires favorable economic conditions, namely high conventional oil prices. The research problem stems from OPEC's disregard for the role of high oil prices, which have created opportunities for developing unconventional oil extraction technologies. The most significant finding of the research is that high oil prices have enabled the development of unconventional hydrocarbons and reduced OPEC's share of global oil production. The research recommends limiting price increases to levels that allow for the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources.
OPEC's share of global oil production. The research recommends limiting price increases to levels that allow for the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources.

Abstract The activity concentrations and radiological hazard parameters (equivalent activity of radium Ra_eq, absorbed dose rate D, annual effective dose AEDE, external and internal hazard indices H, Gamma radiation representative level index I_γ, Alpha radioactivity level index (I_α), and excess lifetime cancer risk ELCR) of the terrestrial Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM such as (_ ^226)Ra,(_ ^232)Th and (_ ^40)K were assessed in soil samples collected from Ain Zalah oil field, Nineveh, Iraq, using HPGe detector. The analysis of NORM gives obtainable data for rules about radiation protection. The results were depicted in graphical and tabular formats and subsequently compared to the established international permissible thresholds set by UNSCEAR. Consequently, it is possible that the petroleum extraction activities in the studied area could result in some radiological risks for both the workers and the surrounding environment due to the elevated activity concentration of radionuclides.
ies in the studied area could result in some radiological risks for both the workers and the surrounding environment due to the elevated activity concentration of radionuclides.