Al-Noor Journal for Oil and Gas Studies

Abstract American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity is a key parameter for classifying crude oil and petroleum products by density. This study presents the development of tables of oil gravities ranging from 0.600 to 1.025, from which the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity can be derived without resorting to the equation of state. This research also examined four densities across four oil products (gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, and lubricating oils), yielding a total of 16 models. Moreover, the results of the laboratory test showed that the gravity of the oils is close, take for instance (the gravity of gasoline ranges between 0.700 to 0.750, the density of kerosene ranges from 0.750 to 0.800, while the density of gas oil ranges from 0.800 to 0.850, and lastly the range of gravity of lubricating oils ranged from 0.850 to 0.900). In conclusion, the tables produced by this study will enable direct measurement of API gravity, saving testers time, improving accuracy, and reducing errors.

Abstract The process of producing oil after exploration depends on extracting the components of petroleum from petroleum reservoirs and converting them into refinery products that can be used. As for the refining process, it depends on breaking down crude oil into its various components, which are selectively reformed into new products. Oil production and refining are activities that cause negative impacts on the environment, including soil and groundwater. This is evident in the current study of the research area through conducting analysis of samples of soil and groundwater around and inside Qayyarah oilfield and refinery. Soil and water samples obtained from eight sites; around and inside of Qayyarah refinery area plus two surface water samples of Tigris River from above and down Qayyarah oil field and refinery. These samples were analyzed for their heavy metals content such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr). The results showed that the amount of lead present in the soil ranges from (13.40 – 99,40) mg/kg, copper values were in the range of (5.10- 36.70)mg/kg, Nickel concentration vary from ( 0.64 – 13.80)  mg/kg, values for cadmium, iron, zinc, and chromium were (0.12 – 0.82) mg/kg, (221.0 –739.0) mg/kg, (11.1-98.0)mg/kg and (8.5-73.0)  mg/kg respectively. Apart from zinc and nickel, all other heavy metals were higher than the toxicity limits for heavy metals in naturals oil; this implies pollution of the soil by heavy metals. Also, the groundwaters were found to be polluted by lead, the pH of the water samples was found   to deviate significantly from DPR limits and WHO standard for potable water. This also implies pollution. Such contamination for both soil and groundwater grows and becomes bigger in the future, which could adversely affect human health and the region's ecosystems.

Abstract    In the complex and evolving landscape of global energy, the search for hydrocarbons is far more than a hunt for oil—it is a scientific endeavor driven by the understanding of the Earth’s deep secrets. Geologists and petrophysicists sit at the heart of this process, shaping how resources are found, evaluated, and ultimately developed. Their work is central not only to discovering new reserves but also to making smarter use of existing fields and ensuring responsible resource management. AI[i] can be used to process and interpret data across various sectors of the early-stage oil and gas industry. This study is useful in highlighting the role geologists and rock physicists play in harnessing the power of machine learning to reduce risks and maintenance costs, and in illustrating its applications for specific tasks in the oil sector. AI brings numerous advantages to the oil and gas industry from enhancing operational efficiency to improving and enabling better decision-making. AI transforms various aspects of the sector. These benefits lead to increased productivity, reduced costs, and a competitive edge in the market. 




 
 

Abstract This study has been carried out to Chia Gara Formation of (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous ) age which composed of marly limestone at two subsurface wells in (Aj8) and (Aj12) North Iraq. The rock of the formation contain different percentage of (TOC) between medium to very good. According to qualitative posit the kerogene type are mixed of (ll/ lll) and type (lll) and amount of type (ll) . Evaluation found that organic material are of singular structure type (AOM) forming the main type of kerogene (A & C) where the A- type mostly forming the liquid hydrocarbons and B-type mostly formed gas hydrocarbon
 

Abstract Petroleum system analysis of Sinjar anticline (which is located in the NW of Iraq) is presented. Previous geophysical data (gravity, magnetic and seismic interpretation controlled by boreholes) revealed presence sedimentary basin as a graben south of Sinjar anticline during Paleozoic and Mesozoic times , as a source for generation of petroleum, migrates to Sinjar anticline as a typical reservoir rocks, forming a perfect petroleum system presumed during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. The presence of oil sites in the extension of Sinjar uplift inside Syria suggests the presence of oil in this anticline since the largest part of it is inside Iraq.

Abstract The experiment was conducted in the North Oil Company - Kirkuk site, which belongs to the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, which is located in the Arafa area, west of Kirkuk Governorate. The experiment started from August 3, 2022, to September 17, 2022, to study the effect of three factors. The first factor is the oil purification time in three levels, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The second factor is the oil purification temperature in two levels, 50 and 60 C°. As for the third factor, it included the number of engine operating hours in three levels: 0, 50, and 100 working hours, and its effect on the characteristics of homemade oil, SAE-40 cycle type, such as sediment volume ratio, viscosity index, ash content. The data were analysed statistically according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Among the results, the best volumetric percentage of sediment for oil upon purification amounted to 0.0100 (%) and was achieved at a temperature of 60 C° and a time of oil purification of 90 minutes, respectively, which matched the international oil specifications. The best non-significant reading for the viscosity index of the oil at purification was 160.01 at a temperature of 50 C° and the time of oil purification was 60 minutes. The closest reading of the international oil specifications was 79.24.As for the ash content of the oil at purification, it recorded the best significant reading of 0.1107% at a temperature of 60 C° and the time of oil purification 90 minutes The closest reading of the international oil specifications was 0.1033% .

Abstract The aim of this work was to the improvement of regular gasoline specifications by adding high-octane gasoline, then found the mixing ratio to ensure accuracy in the desired octane number. Three samples of gasoline were used (regular gasoline, premium gasoline, super gasoline). The tests were conducted of them by finding its octane number, density, and distillation after and before the addition processes. Moreover, laboratory test results showed that the octane number results before addition were reached 79, 97 and 82 normal gasoline, super gasoline, and premium gasoline, respectively. The results also showed that adding 7500 m³ of super to 30000 m³ of regular resulted in a mixture with an octane number of 82 and an amount of 37000 m³, which indicates the effectiveness of the mixing process. The results recommend the NRC Baiji to adding these amounts to make sure gasoline quality